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条款 · 信托投资治理

受托人投资 discretion 允许/限制清单条款:信托契约里 trustee 投资权的边界怎么写

一句话定义:trustee investment discretion 允许/限制清单是在 settlement deed 或独立投资授权书里,把 trustee 能买的资产类别(permitted list)、明确禁止的资产(restricted list)、超过阈值需 protector / 投资委员会批准的决策门槛(threshold gating)、以及季度 / 半年报告义务(reporting cadence)四项写死的程序设计。

适用场景:家族创始股票 60%–90% 集中于信托资产时需 Bartlett 豁免 + 单一股票持有授权 · 家办与 trustee 联合管理跨境资产时需职责切分 · settlor 希望 trustee 不要轻易卖出原始股但又要避免 trustee 因不卖被告 breach of duty of diversification。

关键风险:清单写得太宽,trustee 实际买了高风险产品又出现亏损,受益人起诉 breach of trust · 清单写得太严,市场剧烈变化时 trustee 无法及时调整被指控不作为 · 清单未配套豁免条款,trustee 在面对单一股票集中持有时被推定 imprudent。

1. 条款是什么 / 不是什么

不是

2. 法律源

英联邦法系:Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co [1980] Ch 515 确立 trustee 对底层公司有"高级监督义务",但 BVI Trustee Act § 86A 与 Cayman STAR Act 允许通过明确条款排除(即 Anti-Bartlett)。Trustee Act 2000(UK)§§ 1–7 规定 standard duty of care 与 power of investment,但允许 settlor 通过 deed 调整。Re Whiteley (1886) 33 Ch D 347 提出 prudent investor 义务,但允许在 deed 中放宽 —— 这是 permitted/restricted 清单的法律基础。

美国法:Uniform Prudent Investor Act (UPIA) § 2 允许 settlor 通过 trust instrument 调整 prudent investor 标准("expanded, restricted, eliminated, or otherwise altered by the provisions of the trust")。UPIA § 3 要求 portfolio diversification 但允许 settlor 明确豁免("unless the trustee reasonably determines that, because of special circumstances, the purposes of the trust are better served without diversifying")。Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 90 同样允许契约修改。

香港 / BVI / Cayman:Hong Kong Trustee Ordinance § 41B 允许 settlor 排除或修改默认投资权。BVI Trustee Act § 95 允许 trustee 按 deed 行使投资权;§ 86A 提供 Anti-Bartlett 法定基础。Cayman Trusts Act § 48 允许 settlor 自定义投资权与义务边界。

中国大陆:《信托法》§ 25 受托人应当按照信托文件的规定为受益人的最大利益处理信托事务;§ 26 不得利用信托财产为自己谋取利益。中国境内信托公司还受《信托公司管理办法》§ 17 限制,与境外私人信托 trustee 自由度不同。设立人意图通过 permitted/restricted 清单约束境内信托公司投资权,需事先与信托公司协商纳入信托合同附件。

真实判例:Nestle v National Westminster Bank [1993] 1 WLR 1260 受托人因投资过于保守被起诉但获胜,关键证据是 settlement deed 给予 trustee 明确投资 discretion。Cowan v Scargill [1985] Ch 270 受托人受 ESG 偏好驱动而拒绝高收益投资被认定 breach —— 反向证明 permitted/restricted 清单应避免主观倾向。

3. 实操用法(怎么写 · 怎么不写)

稳健写法(settlement deed 第 9 条样例 · permitted list + restricted list + threshold + reporting 四件套):

"(a) The Trustee may invest the Trust Fund in any of the following Permitted Asset Classes without further consent: publicly listed equities on recognized exchanges; investment-grade sovereign and corporate debt rated BBB- or above by a major rating agency; collective investment schemes; insurance contracts including private placement life insurance; and the original Family Founder Shares as identified in Schedule 2.
(b) The Trustee shall not invest in any of the following Restricted Asset Classes: leveraged derivatives exceeding notional 10% of Trust Fund; short selling; cryptocurrencies and digital assets (save as expressly permitted by the Protector under Clause 9(e)); private debt with single-issuer concentration above 15%; assets located in jurisdictions subject to international sanctions.
(c) Any single investment exceeding 5% of the then-current Trust Fund value, or any disposal of Family Founder Shares listed in Schedule 2, shall require prior written consent of the Investment Committee or, in its absence, the Protector.
(d) The Trustee shall provide a quarterly portfolio report to the Protector and to adult beneficiaries, and an extraordinary report within 5 business days of any single transaction exceeding 10% of Trust Fund value.
(e) The duty to diversify under any applicable law is expressly modified: the Trustee shall not be liable for any concentrated holding in the Family Founder Shares listed in Schedule 2, provided that the Trustee has communicated the concentration risk to the Protector and the adult beneficiaries in writing on an annual basis."

怎么不写(6 种常见无效或高风险写法):

4. 与其他条款的关系

5. 失效场景 / 风险

⚠ 灰色操作披露

实操中存在的灰色做法(本页揭露 · 不提供 how-to):

监管反制与处罚:

主笔说明法有承为本站合成主笔笔名,不是真实律师,不持有真实专业资格。本文为公开资料整理与方法论分析,不构成法律、税务或投资意见。

最后更新:2026-05-28 · 编辑部