REGULATION 欧盟 · 反洗钱单一规则 AMLA · Regulation (EU) 2024/1620 2026-07 直接监管启动 最后审阅 · 2026-05-28

EU AMLA · 反洗钱局 · 2026 启动

Regulation (EU) 2024/1620 establishing the Authority for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AMLA) · 2024-06-19 通过 · 2025-06-26 AMLA 法兰克福总部启动 · 2026-07-01 起承接 40 家 high-risk obliged entities 直接监管 · 配套 AMLR (EU) 2024/1624 + AMLD6 (EU) 2024/1640

一位北京企业家通过卢森堡 SOPARFI + 列支敦士登基金会 + 瑞士私人银行的传统欧洲结构持有约 2 亿欧元资产。这套结构跑了 15 年,每个法域单独应付各自 KYC + 报告,体系松散但勉强可行。2026-07 AMLA 正式接管 40 家欧盟 high-risk 跨境金融机构 + 其覆盖客户 → 客户尽调档案进入欧盟统一数据库 + 单一规则手册 + 跨法域直接监管 + 现金交易 € 10,000 上限 + 加密资产服务商纳入。她原本期待靠各法域独立性维持灰度,现在每个 KYC 节点都同时上交给 AMLA。

欧盟 AMLA(Authority for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism)是欧盟为了统一 27 个成员国 + EEA 反洗钱执法而 2024 年立法设立、2025 年正式启动、2026 年开始直接监管的超国家机构。这是欧盟自欧洲央行 ECB / 欧洲银行管理局 EBA 之后第一个具有直接监管权的金融监管机构。本页梳理 AMLA 框架 + 对中国家族在欧洲资产配置的影响。

条款节选 · 关键 quote

Regulation (EU) 2024/1620 Art. 5 · AMLA 直接监管对象
The Authority shall be responsible for the direct supervision of selected obliged entities ... A credit or financial institution is considered as 'selected obliged entity' where it is established in at least seven Member States, including through subsidiaries and branches, and has the highest risk profile ... The Authority shall select a minimum of 40 obliged entities for direct supervision in the first selection cycle.
Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AMLR) Art. 80 · 现金支付上限
Persons trading in goods or providing services may accept or make a payment in cash only up to an amount of EUR 10 000 or equivalent ... Transactions between consumers and natural persons that are not acting in their professional capacity are not covered.
AMLR Art. 42 · 受益所有人识别阈值
For corporate entities, beneficial owner means any natural person who ultimately owns or controls the legal entity through direct or indirect ownership of more than 25 % of the shares or voting rights, or through control via other means ... For trusts and similar legal arrangements, the settlor, the trustees, the protector (if any), the beneficiaries or class of beneficiaries, and any other natural person exercising ultimate control over the trust shall be identified as beneficial owners.

AMLA 监管对象 · 三层结构

单一规则手册 vs 现行 5AMLD/6AMLD

AMLA 配套立法包括 AMLR(直接适用,无需国内立法)+ AMLD6(指令,需成员国转化)。这是欧盟反洗钱史上第一次从"指令模式"转向"条例模式",结束了 27 国各自有差异的状态。变化要点:

实务影响 · 中国家族

中国 HNW / UHNW 客户在欧洲的存量结构面临系统性 KYC 重审:

与 CRS / CARF 的协同

关联条款 / 判例 cross-link

附录 · 原始来源

立法 / 规范

实务参照