DOCUMENT BVI · SHA trustee 100% 持股 trust deed 配套文件 最后审阅 · 2026-05-28

BVI 股东协议模板解读 · 信托持股

BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (revised 2020) · BVI BC shareholders agreement · trustee 100% holding structure

一个典型的家族财富架构:BVI Business Company(BC)持有底层资产(境外金融资产 / 房产 / 私募股权 / 数字资产)· trustee 100% 持有 BC 的所有股份 · 多个家族成员通过 trust 间接受益。BVI 股东协议(shareholders agreement · SHA)是BC 股东之间的合同——在 trustee 单一股东结构中 · SHA 退化为 trustee 与 BC / settlor 之间的治理文件 · 其重要意义在于与 trust deed 的权责对接

本文不是 sample contract——是解读型分析。读者应在阅读后能识别:(a) trustee 在 BC 层的股东权 vs trust deed 中的 fiduciary 限制之间的张力;(b) trustee 同时担任 BC 董事时的角色冲突;(c) 收益分配机制如何与 trust 分配条款对接;(d) CRS / FATCA / CTA 报告义务的层级。

文件类型 + 当事方

标准条款 1 · 受托人 + 公司治理交叉

CLAUSE 1 · Trustee as Shareholder
The Trustee, as the sole holder of all issued shares of the Company, agrees to exercise the rights and powers attaching to such shares in accordance with the terms of the [Trust Deed dated [Date]] (the "Trust Deed"), as the Trustee may consider necessary for the proper administration of the Trust. The Trustee acknowledges that its rights as Shareholder are held in a fiduciary capacity for the benefit of the Beneficiaries under the Trust Deed.

标准条款 2 · 董事任免

CLAUSE 2 · Appointment and Removal of Directors
The Trustee, as sole Shareholder, shall have the right to appoint and remove Directors of the Company at any time. The initial Directors shall be [Names] and shall include [at least one director resident in BVI for Economic Substance compliance purposes]. The Directors shall manage the Company in accordance with the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 and the Company's Memorandum and Articles, subject to the directions of the Shareholder as set out in any written resolutions.

标准条款 3 · 转让限制

CLAUSE 3 · Restriction on Share Transfer
The Trustee shall not transfer, pledge, mortgage, or otherwise encumber any of the shares of the Company without the prior written consent of [the Protector, if any / the Settlor, during the Settlor's lifetime]. Any purported transfer in breach of this Clause shall be void and of no effect. Upon the death or resignation of the Trustee, the shares shall be transferred to the successor Trustee in accordance with the terms of the Trust Deed.

关键 trap clause 1 · trustee 同时是董事

TRAP · trustee-director dual role
Sample trap: "The Trustee shall serve as the sole Director of the Company. In its capacity as Director, the Trustee shall have all powers conferred by the Memorandum and Articles, including but not limited to the power to make distributions, incur debt, and dispose of the Company's assets, without further consent of any Shareholder or Beneficiary."

trap:(a) trustee 既是 BC 股东又是 BC 董事——双重角色使其同时具备股东审批权 + 董事执行权 → 没有任何监督机制;(b) 该结构在 trust deed 中的"shareholder direction"程序形同虚设——同一人 / 同一公司既"指示"又"执行";(c) 不利于 economic substance 合规——若 trustee 是 BVI 持牌公司 · 同时担任 BC 董事 · 实际管理在 trustee 公司层完成 · 可能被视为 BC 实际经营地在 trustee 所在地;(d) 实务做法:trustee 自任董事的同时 · 配置独立的外部董事(独立律师 / 顾问)· 至少有一名非 trustee 关联人

关键 trap clause 2 · 收益分配机制

TRAP · dividend distribution conflict
Sample trap: "The Company may, but shall not be obligated to, declare and pay dividends to the Shareholder at such times and in such amounts as the Directors may determine. The Shareholder shall not have any right to demand a dividend declaration."

trap:(a) "可分但无义务"——如果 trustee 同时是董事 · 这意味着 trustee单方控制是否分配;(b) 与 trust deed 中的受益人分配权脱节——trust 层 trustee 可能想分给受益人 · 但 BC 层"董事"(同一 trustee)选择不分;(c) 这在受益人需要资金时造成卡点——比如教育 / 医疗紧急 · 受益人发起申请 → trust 同意分 → BC 不分红 → trustee 自身在两层都说"不";(d) 实务做法:SHA 写明"董事应在 trustee 通知的合理期限内宣告分红"·避免人为卡点

关键 trap clause 3 · CRS 信息披露

TRAP · CRS reporting confusion
Sample trap: "The Company shall be solely responsible for all tax filings, regulatory reporting, and compliance obligations under applicable laws, including but not limited to the Common Reporting Standard. The Shareholder shall not be responsible for any reporting in respect of the Company's activities."

trap:(a) CRS 下 BC 通常被视为 Passive NFE(被动非金融实体)· 由其金融账户银行担任 reporting 主体 · 而非 BC 自身;(b) trustee 作为 controlling person 必须配合 KYC + 通过 self-cert 报告自身税务居住身份;(c) "不负责报告"的措辞反而让 trustee 后续无法摆脱共同责任;(d) 实际责任分配:(i) BC 银行账户开户行 = 实际报告者;(ii) trustee = 配合者;(iii) trust 本身是金融账户(settlor / beneficiary / protector 均为 controlling persons);(iv) 各自申报义务不能在 SHA 中"约定排除"

关键 trap clause 4 · economic substance 失败

TRAP · economic substance non-compliance
Sample trap: "The Company is a pure holding company and shall not engage in any 'relevant activity' as defined under the BVI Economic Substance (Companies and Limited Partnerships) Act 2018. The Company shall not be required to maintain any physical presence in BVI."

trap:(a) "pure holding company" 可享 reduced substance 但仍需 (i) 在 BVI 有注册办公室;(ii) 提交 annual economic substance return;(iii) 维持充分员工 + 物理存在·即使是 outsourced 给注册代理;(b) 若 BC 持有 equity 资产(如 IP / shipping / banking license)→ 触发 full economic substance · 必须有 BVI 雇员 + 办公室;(c) 不合规罚款 USD 5K – 75K · 重复违规可吊销公司 · 严重时 ITA 共享数据给税务管辖地

关键 trap clause 5 · 借贷 / 担保限制

TRAP · unlimited borrowing power
Sample trap: "The Directors shall have the unrestricted power to incur indebtedness on behalf of the Company, to pledge or mortgage any of the Company's assets as security, and to enter into guarantees for the obligations of any third party, without prior approval of the Shareholder."

trap:(a) BC 是家族资产持有载体·若董事可不经股东批准抵押公司资产 · 信托资产可能被董事单方负债拖入;(b) 担保第三方义务尤其危险——若董事是 trustee 同时也是其他家族成员的债权人 · 可能让 BC 资产为他人债务提供担保 · 实质上是把 trust 资产对外贡献;(c) 实务做法:(i) 设借贷上限(如不超 NAV 10%);(ii) 担保需 protector 同意;(iii) 关联交易需 settlor / protector 同意

trustee 双重角色 vs 三方分离设计

SHA 与其他文件的关系

失效场景

cross-link

引用

立法 / 规范

实务参照